FIVE PRINCIPLES FOR A NEW
GLOBAL MORAL ORDER
Thich Minh Chau
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As humankind is reaching the threshold of the twenty-first century, a
question of global character is on the minds of many people: "What new
era will be awaiting us in the history of humankind?" In the years that
hinge the two centuries what kinds of experiences and lessons are we
having that make us feel more secure and more confident?
First of all, we have realized the global character of a number of
crucial problems that are confronting us. Thus, we will be able to
mobilize the wisdom and the strength of the peoples of the whole world
to solve them in a better way. Examples are the problem of war and
peace, the problem of building up a new economic order and a new world
moral order, the problem of protecting our environment and so forth. The
scope of these problems surpasses each and every nation and outreaches
the hands of the specialists and authorities. A problem such as war
which concerns the survival of humankind cannot be entrusted to a
handful of militarists and politicians. This explains why the world
peace movements were and are attracting a large number of people from
many different strata. Nearly every country in the world, all
continents, all races, all age groups, all professions, all political
ideologies and all religious denominations have representatives in the
peace movement. Only such a peace-protecting force, so mighty and so
dynamic, has the power to stop the danger of a nuclear war, to fight
against devilish warmongers, and to guarantee the victory of peace and
progress. Only with such a global outlook towards the problem of war and
peace can the peace movements score such an historic victory.
The danger of a global nuclear war has mobilized the world peoples'
force against its occurrence. The last years of the twentieth century
were and are witnessing some historic steps towards an era without
nuclear and chemical weapons. Humankind seems relieved by the agreement
on disarmament of medium-range missiles between the Soviet Union and the
United States. But we cannot lessen our vigilance. Although the danger
of a nuclear war has been lessened, wars with all their cruel and
inhuman manifestations are still prevalent. Political and military
violence persists among a number of nations, among peoples of racial
differences and even among peoples of the same ideology and of the same
political outlook, among comrades and friends in arms. In recent years,
the relations between nations have undergone a major change, being
characterized more and more by "peaceful coexistence, mutual
understanding, negotiation instead of confrontation, market frontiers
rather than war frontiers." As to the internal political situations of
many countries there has been a positive trend towards more democracy,
the avoidance of oppression and cultural and intellectual coercion, and
more respect and understanding towards different ways of thinking. We
earnestly hope that this trend towards more democracy and towards more
humanism in politics in the national and international relationship will
be strengthened and deepened from now till the year 2000. Thus we are
preparing for an era of real peace, peace for the whole planet, not only
for some regions, but peace for all human beings. All kinds of wars, not
only nuclear war, should be banished. All these manifestations of
violence should be done away with forever.
We see that, and this is our second lesson, every crucial and critical
problem of global character should be solved not only with a global
outlook and a global force, but deeply and thoroughly from within every
being. And here, with its special deep psychology and deep insight,
Buddhism can offer many contributions.
First of all, Buddhism welcomes all peace movements and exhorts its
practitioners to participate in these movements. To protect peace is to
protect life and that is to put into application the first moral precept
of Buddhist ethics. Buddhism is against all expansionist wars, which
always include annexation of territory and wealth and interference into
the internal affairs of other countries and nations. This is a violation
of two very important moral precepts of Buddhist ethics: not to take
what is not given, and not to commit actions that bring demerit.
Buddhism denies all violent actions and manifestations under any pretext
except in legitimate self-defense. All remember the following teachings
of our Lord Buddha, Gatha Number Five, in the Dhammapada:
Hatred cannot put an end to hatred,
In this world this never happens.
Only non-hatred can bring hatred to an end,
This is an eternal law.
Buddhism advocates any collective or individual endeavor which aims to
create an atmosphere of mutual understanding, trust and respect among
people, nations and human beings. Buddhism encourages dispelling
prejudices, inferiority and superiority complexes, all of which are very
harmful to human dignity and human values.
We Buddhists consider it of primordial importance to build up a new
economic order and a new moral order which would mitigate the anger and
turmoil of the present international political atmosphere. We envision a
healthier more humane and more meaningful era.
We think that the current economic situation polarized between a few
industrialized, well-developed and wealthy countries, and many poor
countries, famished and underdeveloped, is built upon unfair trade, with
raw materials purchased at a very cheap price, and with manufactured
goods sold at a very high rate. This unfair trade cannot be continued
any longer because it nurtures war and violence.
We believe that to wipe out this present polarized economy and to build
up a new world economic order with more justice and equality we should
set up a new moral order based upon a new way of thinking and on some
humanitarian principles readily accepted by humankind.
Without a world moral order serving as an ethical foundation it would be
very difficult to successfully establish a new world economic order.
Even if it were to be successful, it would not be able to last long. The
polarized situation would re-establish itself once again, even worse
than before. That is why, to our thinking, priority should be given to
establishing a new moral order based upon some basic humanitarian
principles accepted by the world community. In the current crisis,
Buddhism with its tradition as a religion for peace will be able to
offer its worthy contributions.
We think that one of the greatest contributions Buddhism can make to a
new world moral order is its theory of "no self." This theory plays an
important positive role towards building up a moral way of life for the
person of our times. The sickly psychic tendency of the modern person is
to seek sensual pleasures and the accumulation of wealth. In order to
guarantee individual enjoyment one tries to secure as much material
property for oneself as possible. However, material property is limited
while the greed of humans is unfathomable. That is why there is no way
to escape from disputes and fights between human and human, between
nation and nation, between people and people. And in this lies the root
cause of war. With the theory of "no self," we can say that Buddhism has
dug up the very root of wars, conflicts and contentions. With an insight
into "no self" a Buddhist once enlightened will escape the grip of both
greed (lobha) and anger (dosa). One is greedy of something for oneself,
but when the self is not there greed loses its target and has no
incentive to exist. The same goes for anger. When the self is
contradicted unsatisfied anger will arise. But when the self is not
there anger will automatically disappear.
Another expression which has a similar connotation is "for the sake of
others." Emphasis here is placed upon concrete help to others. A
Buddhist who is imbued with the principle of "no self" would devote his
thoughts, words and bodily activities towards bringing about the
happiness and welfare of all sentient beings as his own aim and
objective. During Lord Buddha's lifetime and even afterwards, in India,
the birthplace of Lord Buddha, or in any other country where Buddhism
had a presence, the ideals of "no self" and "for the sake of others" are
the norms of a Buddhist moral way of life, whether one be a religious
person or a lay person. As we all know, the Bodhisattva ideal of
Mahayana Buddhism is nothing but a continuation of the principle of "no
self" and "for the sake of others" which was found in the original
Buddhism. In the Pali-Nikayas Lord Buddha urged his disciples as
follows:
Oh monks you should go forth, for the welfare of the many, for the
happiness of the many, out of love and compassion for the world, for the
happiness of the deities and men. . . . You should preach the Dhamma
excellent in the beginning, excellent in the middle, excellent in the
end, complete in meaning and in words. You should promote the holy life,
extremely good and extremely pure. -- Mahavagga 19
Furthermore, the Buddhist theory of "no self" has deep implications in
substance and in emancipation. Everything in this world is impermanent,
with no self, with no substance whatsoever. So in ultimate reality, be
it of glorious beauty, be it of the highest fame, or be it of wealth in
plenty like forest and ocean--all are impermanent with no self, with no
inner substance. There is nothing to be greedy for; there is nothing
worth securing or possessing for oneself. Any person who has delved
deeply into the spirit of no self is an emancipated person. Although he
or she lives in the world he or she will not be bound by the world, and
in behavior will always be calm, serene, undisturbed and self-mastered.
Lord Buddha was venerated as a messenger of peace for excellence. When
asked by the wanderer Dighajanu what the gist of his teachings was, he
replied explicitly:
"According to my teachings, among the world of the Devas, Maras and
Brahma, with crowds of recluses and Brahmanas, deities and human beings,
there will be no quarrel whatsoever with anyone in the world" (M.I. 109
A). Further, he declared: "Oh Bhikkus, I do not quarrel with the world,
only the world quarrels with me. Oh Bhikkus, a speaker of the Dharma
quarrels with nobody in the world" -- (SN III, 165).
Lord Buddha made it very clear that his purpose in preaching the Dhamma
was not to quarrel with other religious leaders nor to compete with any
antagonistic doctrine. There was no quarrel in his teachings. He just
showed the way out of suffering, the way to enlightenment and to
liberation. To those who were beset with anger, he taught metta or
compassion to subdue anger. To those who were prone to harmfulness he
taught karuna or loving kindness to turn them into harmless ones. To
those who were not happy over other peoples' successes, he taught mudita
or joyfulness so that they knew how to share their happiness with
others. To those who were addicted to hatred and enmity, he taught
upekkha or equanimity so as to neutralize their vindictiveness. So he
has specific cures for many mental diseases and ills of the world.
In the past in Vietnam under the Buddhist dynasties of Ly and Tran,
there were kings who were Dhyana masters like King Tran Thai Tong. He
had declared that he considered his royal throne as torn shoes, to be
given up at any moment. Tran Thai Tong's grandson, King Tran Nhan Tong,
after having gained victory over the struggle against the Nguyen Mong
invaders, had donned the monastic robe and became the founder of the
first Vietnamese Dhyana sect called Truc Lam Yen Tu. He composed a very
famous poem in nom character which ended with four lines in Chinese
characters. These lines clearly show his calm, undisturbed bearing when
confronted with the ups and downs of the world:
In life, we enjoy religion, according to circumstances,
When hungry we eat, when tired, we at once sleep,
With a treasure within oneself, there is no need to go in search of it,
When confronted with challenge, we keep our mind undisturbed and
composed,
So there is no need to ask for meditation!
The last two lines of this short poem show the undisturbed and composed
behavior of the king. "When confronted with challenge, we keep our mind
undisturbed and composed." This means that against the impermanent
nature of the objective world the king's mind was always serene and
composed, without any ripple. This sentence also clarifies a basic
Buddhist belief that every human being already has a seed of
enlightenment within himself/herself. In Buddhist terminology it is
called Buddheity. He/she already has enlightened wisdom, shining and
brilliant. So there is no need to turn outside to find happiness and
enlightenment.
The basic shortcoming of humankind in our times is the trend to forsake
one's true self and run after the false self with all its terrific
thirst and insatiable longing. Although in this most materialistic
civilization the modern person lives a life of material opulence his
spiritual life and mental aspirations remain unsatisfied. One constantly
feels insecure, disturbed, and unbalanced. Such a mentality leads many
people to narcotics, to mental hospitals, and sometimes to suicide.
Naturally, Buddhism does not praise a life of poverty and asceticism.
Nor does Buddhism extol a low and bestial way of life of running after
material sensual desires which reduces one into a weakling in body and a
dullard in mentality. On the other hand, Buddhism has great appreciation
for mental joy and happiness, dedication to moral living, and an
exultation of enlightened bliss and liberation. Buddhism advises people
to return to their own true self, to their own true personality, and to
a way of life in harmony with society. Harmony should be engendered
between oneself and nature, body and mind, compassion and wisdom, and
feeling and intellect. Buddhism affirms that all people are capable of
achieving such a harmonious inner way if only one so desires and if one
acts in accordance with Lord Buddha's teachings and in conformity with
the Buddhist way of life of virtue and wisdom. It extols a way of life
that avoids the two extremes of indulgence in vulgar, low sense desires
and bodily mortification and asceticism--a way of life leading to
lasting joy and happiness. This is a way of life that all people from
the East and from the West, male and female, young and old, religious
and non-religious are able to lead and enjoy. That is the most famous
eightfold way of life--a way that encompasses virtue, meditation and
wisdom.
Such a moral way of life will bring about concentration of inner mind
(meditation). Such a concentration of inner mind will guarantee the
clarity of wisdom. And a person of wisdom will be able to look at things
as they truly are. Thanks to such an attitude humans are in a position
to be their own master, to be the master of objective things instead of
being their slaves. It is regrettable that this message of virtue,
meditation and wisdom of Lord Buddha has become a victim of man himself,
who has covered it with a cloak of mysticism, superstition, rites,
ceremonies and scholasticism to such an extent that the spirit and the
wording of this shining and simple message has become distorted,
deformed, and far from humanity.
Now it is time for scholars and Buddhists to return the basic principles
of Buddhism to their original brilliance and simplicity. Thanks to this
brilliance and simplicity, Buddhist principles can enter deeply into the
hearts of people and are welcomed and accepted by a large portion of
people in this world, becoming their basic principles of life. The
principles are converted into their daily bodily, vocal and mental
activities. They become an invincible material force to change this
world of war and insecurity into a world of peace and happiness, and
thus to convert the era of the twenty-first century into an era of
humanity, an era in which humanistic values will be the yardstick, the
criteria of all values. Happiness or unhappiness of humans will be the
red thread, the dividing line, clearly distinguishing truth from
untruth, victory from defeat, right view from wrong view--an era in
which man himself will become the supreme enlightened judge evaluating
all political and social systems. Humankind will decide which system is
best and which most full of vitality, which will be ultimately outmoded
and withdrawn from the historic arena.
The motto "inwardly-oriented," that is to say, the return, the coming
back to oneself, to one's real self, should not be misinterpreted as a
negative, pessimistic, and unsocial way of life. On the contrary, this
is the most realistic guideline, the most vital and dynamic force for
changing society and the world. Buddhism has also spoken of building a
Nirvana in this very world. The whole problem hinges upon the question:
From whence to begin? To begin with society to convert society? To begin
with the world to convert the world? Buddhism is of the view that such a
beginning is not realistic. It would be to put the cart before the
animal. Buddhism is of the opinion that people should begin with
themselves, making themselves thoroughly aware of themselves. One should
understand oneself, convert oneself, purify oneself, and change oneself
for the better in a tireless struggle every hour, every day, and in all
aspects of one's life. Only then will society and the world become
healthy, more lovely and more meritorious. If there are no healthy
people, how can we expect healthy social relationships, morally good and
lovely? If the thoughts of peace, happiness and harmony are not imbued
deeply into the inner self of every human being, how do we expect to
have a peaceful, happy and harmonious world?
Please allow me to quote some words of Lord Buddha, very simple words
yet full of wisdom and loving kindness:
Victory brings out hatred,
Defeat leads to suffering,
To live an undisturbed and happy life,
Leaving behind both victory and defeat. -- Dhammapada 201
A Buddhist who understands thoroughly the doctrine of no self does not
put himself into antagonistic relationships with others, nor does he
enter into disputes with other people. This explains his balanced and
serene attitude, standing above board, leaving behind all victory and
defeat. The Buddhist considers it of utmost priority to be victorious
over greed, anger and delusion which are still dormant. He/she considers
them to be the three most dangerous enemies because they are enemies
from within. Not only do they make oneself suffer, they also are the
source of the unhappiness and suffering of others.
Better it is to conquer oneself
Than to conquer others,
None can undo the victory
Of one who is self-mastered
And always acts with self-restraint,
Though one conquers in battle
A thousand times a thousand men,
Yet the greatest conqueror is
One who conquers self. -- Dhammapada 104-103
In conclusion, I would like to offer the following new moral order,
formulated from the teachings of Lord Buddha and applicable to this
modern age. Such a moral way of life will minimize the risk of a nuclear
war and usher in an era in which peace, security and harmony will become
the norm. All humane values will be appreciated and respected.
Five Principles for a New Global Moral Order
First, dedication of our life to the welfare of all sentient beings, and
to work for peace, disarmament and international brotherhood.
Second, the living of a frugal, healthy and contented life so as to
devote more time and energy to peace and to the welfare of all living
beings.
Third, abstinence from any action which leads to disputes and wars;
performance of any action which leads to peace, harmony and
international understanding.
Fourth, respect for the life of all sentient beings, for the life of our
planet, and for the purity of our environment!
Fifth, peaceful coexistence and mutual spiritual cooperation.
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Source: Buddhism and Global Nonviolent Problem Solving - Ulan Bator
Explorations (August 1989), Edited by Glenn D. Paige and Sarah Gilliatt,
University of Hawaii (1991) ,
http://www.hawaii.edu/uhip/buddhism.html
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Thanks to Dr. Binh Anson for providing us with this eclectronic article.
(Thich Nguyen Tang, 01-12-2000)
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